What Are The Characteristics And Dynamics Of Liberalism...

Within the field of international relations theory, neoliberalism and liberal theory have developed out of the notion of states cooperating within the international system. As states realized that through cooperation additional benefits can be gained in an anarchic world, institutions whose goal was to create cooperation among self-interested states took shape. As states initiated this type of multilateralism for mutual gain within the international system, scholars and theorist such as Stein, Keohane, Oye, and Moravcsik among others conceptualized Neoliberal and Liberal theories and the dynamics of the states and the system. There are key characteristics which differentiate these two theories from others in international relations theory. Moreover, these theories analyze why and how states, through working together were able to serve their own interests and attempt to discern the routes which states take towards cooperation which best suit their interest. This paper will attempt to explain the characteristics and dynamics of Liberalism and Neoliberalist theories, as well as display its challenges and limitations. Main tenets and actors of Liberal theory Liberalism sees the state as a rational actor however, see the influences from within the state as the main actor facilitating international relations. Additionally, this theory sees the states’ main interest are its well-being, not power within the international system. Well-being of the state is translated through the

Accounting. How to prepare income statements Free Essays

There are different ways in how two income statements are prepared. For example: the income statement (also known as PL) of a merchandising company consists of Revenue, Expenses (related to the sales volume through the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and General Administrative Expense (GSA), which all result in Net Income. The income statement of a Service company consists of Service Revenue minus any Expenses related to that service, which results in Net Income. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting. How to prepare income statements or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another way to look at it is that inventory never leaves the balance sheet until it is physically sold to a customer, which transfers it to Cost of Goods Sold. The basic differences between the financial statements of a merchandising business and a service business include reporting cost of merchandise sold on the income statement and the : A. owner’s equity section of the balance sheet B. other income section of the income statement C. inclusion of merchandise inventory on the balance sheet as a current asset D. inclusion of an owner’s equity statement The primary difference in handling inventory, accounts payable and accounts receivable. In a merchandising company you will probably have inventory that needs to be valued. This can be done FIFO or LIFO (first in first out, or last in first out) basis. The asset that your inventory represents can be offset by your accounts payable if you purchased inventory on account. At the end of the year for tax purposes you have to account for the change in your inventory value. In addition in a mechanizing company you may have to handle local sales taxes and such. In a service company there is no inventory and normally no local taxes on services sold. Distinguish the activities of a service business from those of a merchandising business. The primary differences between a service business and a merchandising business relate to revenue activities. Merchandising businesses purchase merchandise for selling to customers. On a merchandising business’s income statement, revenue from selling merchandise is reported as sales. The cost of the merchandise sold is subtracted from sales to arrive at gross profit. The operating expenses are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at net income. Merchandise inventory, which is merchandise not sold, is reported as a current asset on the balance sheet. How to cite Accounting. How to prepare income statements, Papers

Analysis of Contemporary Theories and Approaches to Motivation

Questions: 1. Explore theories and practices of motivation? 2. Primary research for employee behaviour and attitudes for Beefeater at Salford Quays? Answers: 1: Explore theories and practices of motivation Leaders and managers of the company are vested the primary responsibility to improve the task performance within the organization. The managers recruit the best staffs and train the members to undertake the challenging tasks at the workplace. Motivation is one of the key driving forces which encourage the employees to work towards the goal achievement. Employee performance is directly impacted by motivation and this needs to be worked upon in an effective manner. Business houses with unmotivated staffs face challenges with improving the production activities, high turnover, and low revenue generation. The concept of motivation is related to the factors that encourage the staffs to work towards the goals of the company. It is related to the desires, psychological needs, and objectives of the individual who work for the organization. Some of the factors that motives an employee are- Money requirement Growth (Van Yperen Janssen, 2002) Recognition Team work Job satisfaction The management is expected to improve the willingness of the staffs to work for the job improvement, which is one of the prime requirements for the successful business conduct. The role of the leader is important in analysing the factors that could impact the business activities and performance. The motivational factors are classified into three stages like Drive need Factors impacting the motivational needs of the staffs (VandeWalle et al., 2001) Analysing the factors that needs to be satisfied and the process for goal achievement. There are many theories that highlight the features of the motivation factors. The concept and the features of the theories differ from each other, and thus the management has to be analytical while applying the rules (Yahaya et al., 2009). Theory X and Y Douglas McGregor in the year 1960 had developed the theory that as associated with the employee management and motivation. This theory is based on the X and Y factors. X is related to the individuals who dont prefer to work and avoid taking responsibilities at the workplace. The management usually implement rules and policies in order to encourage or improve the performance of such staffs. If required the management also adopt carrot and stick approach, where carrot denotes rewards and stick denotes punishment. Such staffs or employees needs to be constantly reviewed for the task performance and needs to be given feedback. Theory Y is related to the employees of the company who are highly motivated to perform the tasks at the workplace. In order to encourage the staffs, it is essential to provide the employees with essential tools and resources through which the tasks at the workplace can be easily performed or executed. The managers of the company need to develop opportunities for t he staffs so as to encourage the members to take on responsibilities and provide better work culture for improving the performance of the staffs. Such tasks are undertaken with an intention of improving the work culture and production activities for the staffs of the company (Wong Teoh, 2009). The policies and strategies adopted by various companies depend upon the challenging tasks undertaken by the management. In this case, it is essential to analyse different factors that would encourage the staffs to improve upon the production activities, which is one of the prime requirements for the smooth conduct of the business activities (Newstrom, 2011). Hierarchy needs This theory was developed by Maslow, where the needs and preferences of the staffs to work within the company are based on 5 different levels. The different levels forms an important part of the business execution process, and the management are exacted to analyse the challenges and opportunities with the same. The needs and preferences of the employees differ from each other, and thus it is necessary to evaluate the challenges involved with the implementation of an effective method for encouraging the staffs to work with the organization (Schulze Steyn, 2003). The needs of the employees are classified on the ascending orders of the requirements. Such an alignment helps the managers and the management to analyse the requirements of the employees and provide an opportunity to achieve the same. At the bottom of the requirement list is the basic needs of an individual that is associated with sleep, food, and shelter. It is quite important for the employees to earn income for catering the basic needs. Second in the list are the safety measures where the individual work to secure their families from different aspects. In the third level is the sense of belongingness, which encourages the employees to work towards achievement (Ramlall, 2004). The esteem and self-actualization factors are the fourth and the fifth requirement of the individual. In the esteem process, the individual work to earn respect, which encourages the members to sustain the complex work culture. Self-actualization is related to the sense of achievement, where the employees or staffs get a feel of achievement and accomplishment. Such factors have to be identified by the management and better plans needs to be implemented for the successful implementation of the process. It would make it possible for the staffs to work towards the goal achievement and achieve the goals (Shikdar Das, 2003). Hawthorne effect In this theory, the management introduce effective strategies through which the performance and the tasks performed by the members are measured for introducing future changes within the organization. As per this theory, the employees of the company are expected to work towards improving the productivity for the company, which is one of the prime requirements for the successful business conduct. Through this process, it is possible to improve upon the operational activities, which would enable the management to improve the performance. To improve the performance of the staffs of the company, it is necessary to adopt and implement an effective strategy through which the feedback can be provided to the employees. Consecutive and positive feedback would help in improving the performance of the staffs, and encourage the members to realize the tasks intended to be performed by the members. The theory also states the importance of recognition for the job that has been performed by them. Thi s would motivate the staffs and encourage the members to work towards the goal achievement, which is one of the prime requirements for the company (Sempane, 2002). Secondary research for comparing theories Theories has been developed and implemented by the management to improve the production activities for the company. Money is one of the factors that encourages the members or the staffs of the company to work towards the goal achievement. However, monetary benefits cannot encourage the members too positively within the work culture. This is one of the reasons, the management needs to analyse the other factors that would improve the work ability of the staffs of the comment. Value development, promotion, recognition at the jobs, and others are some of the other factors that encourage the members to work towards the goal achievement that needs to be identified by the management (Susan, 2003). As per the Maslows need hierarchy, the preferences and motivational factors of the staffs moves on to the higher level as this is considered to be important for the individual. In this method, the individual moves on to the other level after achieving the previous one. Such factors keep the members motivated and encourage the members to the work positively (Sloan, 2002). The Theory X and Y differentiates the members who are capable to work towards the goal achieving has been highlighted by the company. In this process, the Y type of individuals is not required to be monitored for the tasks performance. The members are highly motivated and this is one of the factors that encourage the members to improve upon the performance. However X type of individual needs to be evaluated for the task performance and corrective measures has to be implemented for correcting the members (Smit et al., 2007). The theories differ from each other in terms of understanding the nature of the motivation and the factors that could impact the performance of the members. Team members of the company has to be encouraged to work towards the goal achievement and for this, it is essential to develop and implement an effective strategy through which the task can be achieved in an effective manner (Tang et al., 2004). Primary and secondary research for business approaches to encourage the staffs The strategies adopted by the companies to encourage the staffs to improve upon the performance differ and it depends upon various factors. There are different methods through which the company could encourage the members to work towards improving the work performance, which is required for sustaining the tough competition. Some of the tasks that needs to be handled by the managers include- Positive work culture - This includes providing fair and equal opportunities to the staffs of the company to improve the performance. In this method, the management has to analyse different factors that can affect the performance and the ability of the staffs to work within the organization. Issues related to the work performance needs to be discussed and corrective measures have to be taken for introducing the changes (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009) Recognize, reward and reinforcement - Employees can be motivated by introducing an effective reward system. Through this method, it is possible to analyse the challenges that are faced by the staffs while performing the work. With corrective measures and steps it is possible to introduce the correct steps through which the required changes can be introduced (Islam Ismail, 2008) Employee engagement - In this method, the staffs are involved in the decision making process, which is considered to be an important factor for the business conduct. Through this method, the challenges existing at the workplace can be discussed and corrective measures or sets can be introduced for improving the performance. Such a process increases the value of the staffs, which is quite an important factor that would contribute towards the successful business execution (Kochan, 2002). Skills and potential - Development of the skills of the employees is an important factor. Through this method, it is possible to introduce effective measures through which the members would be encouraged to work better at the workplace (Hodgetts, and Hegar, 2008) Primary research In order to analyse the factors influencing the work behaviour of the individuals at the workplace, primary analysis has been conducted. Through this method, the researchers find the answers to the questions related to motivation form the members or the staffs working with the company. This is one of the important factors that could impact the work ability of the staffs. The data has been collected from reliable sources and the same has been analysed to analyse the impact of the same on the business activities. Survey and questions has been circulated amongst the members to find the details about different factors that could affect the work ability of the staffs (Herzberg, 2009) Potential factors affecting the attitudes of work A theory has been developed by experts after collecting facts and figures from different resources. In this process, the relevance of the theory has been outlined. The selection of the theory and its application depends upon the management or the organization. Through this method, an attempt is made to analyse different factors that could impact the business performance and motivational factors. The process is considered to be complex and the strategies adopted by the company differ from each other (Latham,, 2003). At the time of implementing the strategies, it is necessary to analyse the challenges and other limitations that can affect the motivational factors for the company. It is not possible for the companies to choose and apply similar type of theory from different types of production activities. The selection of the theory has to be done after analysing the future goals of the company. The process required to be followed for implementing the changes has to be analysed as this will help in improving the performance of the staffs for the company. In order to implement the changes, the management needs to outline the steps and the process that would be expected to be followed for executing the tasks related to motivational factors (Kreitner Kinicki, 2008) Hospitality industry is quite challenge and complex to handle. The staffs needs to be costly motivated or else it can affect the business performance and customer services. In this case, it is necessary to develop and introduce effective strategies through which the relied changes within the organization can be implemented for motivated the staffs (Kristof-Brown Stevens, 2001) 2: Primary research for employee behaviour and attitudes for Beefeater at Salford Quays The attitude and behaviour of the staffs of the company impacts the performance of the organisation. In order to improve productivity for the organization, the factors affecting the behaviour and attitude of the staffs needs to be analysed. The factors that could keep the members motivated needs to be analysed and corrective measures needs to be taken to introduce the changes. Negative attitude of the employees can affect the business performance and the willingness of the members to work for the company ( Luthan, 2011). Attitude is related to the way the employee of the company feel about the organization, co-works, work culture, and others. Positive attitude would always contribute toward the successful business operational activities, while negative factors directly impact the business performance. The attitude needs to be analysed, as it affects the business performance. Beefeater is a restraint that serves good food and renders best services to the clients. The success of the company depends upon the quality of customer services rendered to the clients. The attitude of the customs can affect the quality of services intended to be provided to the members (Locke Latham, 2002) Behaviour is another factor that is associated with the manner an individual of the company behaves at the time of carrying out the business activities. In this process, the factors that could impact the behaviour of the staffs at the workplace need to be analysed. This will help in developing and introducing better methods through which the changes within the work culture can be introduced by the management (Mills et al., 2006). Primary research The data required for analysing the impact of the behaviour and attitude of the customers were collected from a sample group of 15 members from the company. The prime motive was to find different factors that could impact the willingness of the staffs to work towards the goal achievement that has been decided by the management. Through survey method, a set of questions were circulated amongst the members. The answers to the questions were expected to help the management to analyse the factors that could affect the behaviour and willingness of the staffs to work towards the goal achievement for the company. The answers collected by the management from the staffs were used for the purpose of conducting the research through which the changes within the work culture could be implemented. Questions were exclusively drafted and corrective measures were introduced for increasing the reliability of the information that was collected from different members of the company. Data included points through which the factors impacting the work ability of the staffs were analysed. Through this method, an effective strategy was adopted and introduced by the management for increasing the performance (Bagraim etal., 2007). Highlight the implications of your findings for the performance of the organisation There are different tasks and challenges that need to be handled at the time of implementing the changes for increasing the performance of the company. Motivation is one of the prime requirements through which the challenging tasks at the workplace can be easily handled by the management. Hospitality industry is quite compelling, and it is necessary to introduce effective strategies through which the changes could be introduced within the workplace to improve the work ability of the staffs. In this process, the challenges have to be analysed and corrective measures needs to be adopted for improving the performance for the company (Christopher, 2005). Through effective leadership skills it is possible to increase the performance of the employees working the company. The leaders act as a mediator between the management and the employees. This is necessary for improving the performance for the company. Employees of the company face lots of challenges at the time of execution of the task. In this process, it is necessary to analyse the challenges and undertake steps through which the corrective measures can be introduced for improving the performance for the company. Leaders encourage the members to work towards performance improvement. This is one of the prime important factors through which the production activities, within the work culture can be improved (Abd Patah et al., 2009). In this process, the leaders communicate with the members and adopt effective strategies for increasing the performance. This is one of the important factors through which the changes can be introduced by the management for increasing the performance of the staffs for the company. It is quite important to adopt high performance methods through which the changes within the work culture can be introduced. This would help the management to adopt and introduce effective strategies which will encourage the staffs to work towards the goal achievement. In this process, challenges and other factors that could impact the performance of the company has to be analysed. This will help in overpowering the challenges that can impact the business performance for the company (ACNielsen, 2006). The organizational performance is analysed on the past and present position of the company. The ability of the organization is evaluated on the basis of tasks and projects that have been undertaken by the organization in the past. Employee contribution and the relationship with the staffs are some of the factors that are evaluated by the management at the time of undertaking new projects that will benefit the company. The profit earning margin for the company can be improved by increasing the employee contribution. For this, it is necessary to analyse the challenges that can impact the performance of the staffs. In this process, the management needs to develop effectives strategies through which the employees can be encouraged to work towards the goal achievement. Different factors that could impact the actual performance for the company needs to be analysed as this will help in introducing effective changes through which the tasks can be achieved (Blumberg et al., 2008). The past performance and the factors that had impacted the performance of the staffs in the past can be analysed on the basis of high or low performance. High performance denotes the ability of the staffs to perform better and the factors that have affected the performance of the employees. In the hospitality industry, the management has to undertake different challenging tasks through which the performance can be improved. Through this process, the issues faced by the members at the time of executing the tasks at the workplace are analysed, and the data are collected. This would help in implanting the changes that would help in improving the performance for the company. At the time of preparing strategic plan for the company, it is necessary to analyse the challenges that can affect the performance of the staffs. Through this process corrective measures are drafted and implemented by the management. This would help in increasing the business performance which is quite important for achieving the set target (Crossman, 2003). Different methods to improve the staffs contribution and involvement with the management have to be analysed as this will help in increasing the performance for the management. Through this process, the challenges and other limitations involved with the process has to be undertaken by the management. The staffs contribution towards increasing the performance of the company plays an important role in improving the performance for the company. In this process, the challenges and other factors that can affect the business performance has to be analysed. Views and opinion of the management The prime objective of the management is to introduce effective strategies through which the performance of the staffs for the company can be improved. In this method, the strategies adopted by the management has been analysed so as to find the best possible methods through which the changes within the management of the company could be implemented. The management intends to improve the performance for the company, and for this different factors that could impact the work ability of the staffs has been analysed. Through this method an attempt has been made to improve the performance. In order to improve the performance for the company the staffs of the company work on the below mentioned factors Draft policies through which the performance of the employees working with different departments of Beefeaters can be improved (DuBrin, 2012). Interact with the staffs of the company to analyse the reasons that impacts the work ability and performance. Develop effective strategies through which the members are encouraged to work towards the goals that has been decided or outlined by the management Analyse the changes in terms of technology and other factors through which the required changes within the system can be implemented. Supervisors of the company are entrusted with the responsibilities to analyse the factors that impacts the performance of the organization. Through this method, the challenges and other opportunities are analysed. This will help in improving the performance and encourages the company to introduce effective strategies through which the changes can be introduced. Supervisors are expected to evaluate the tasks performed by the members and introduce effective strategies through which the changes within the work culture can be introduced. For this, it is essential for the management to analyse the challenges and implement the changes through which the corrective measures can be introduced within the management. Through this process, the management of the company can work towards providing best possible services to the clients (Daft, 2008). Relevance of the organizational performance There are different internal and external factors that could impact the performance of the restaurant. It is necessary for the management to analyse the impact of such factors on the performance of the company. Staffs performance is one of the key factors that need to be worked upon by the management. In this process, the management has to analyse the changes that needs to be implemented for increasing the performance for the company. It is necessary to introduce transparent and effective reward system, through which the staffs of the company would be encouraged to perform towards the goal achievement that has been drafted by the management. It is essential to prove the members with the resources through which the task performance can be improved. The reward system includes better pay, incentives and recognition. Such factors are quite important and play a key role in the business development. Through this process, it is possible for the management to introduce changes that would encourage the staffs to improve performance. Some of the steps that can be implemented by the management include Creating positive work culture, through which the required changes within the organization can be implemented (Greenberg, 2011). Improving the performance for the company and analysing the challenges that could impact the work ability of the staffs. Adopting flawless communication process through which the challenges and opportunities involved with the system can be informed to the clients. The process includes discussing with the staffs the steps that can be followed for improving the performance (DuBrin, 2012). Adopting transparent system through which the changes intended to be implemented by the management can be introduced by the human resource department of the company. Strategies for improving the attitude of the staffs Beefeater is one of the most preferred restraints in Australia that has been serving the clients with the best possible services. The restaurant has been known for rendering the best possible services to the clients. Due to monotonous job and less motivation work culture, the work ability of the staffs is impacted. In order to tackle with the situation, it is imperative for the management to adopt and implement effectives strategies through which the staffs can be motivated to work towards the goal achievement. In this process, different factors that impacts the work ability of the staffs has to be analysed. Through discussion and interaction, it is possible to develop and introduce effective strategies through which the necessary changes can be implemented by the management. In order to improve the attitude and behaviour of the staffs working with Beefeater the below mentioned tasks has to be undertaken Introduce positive work culture This includes encouraging the members of the company to adopt and implement effective strategies through which the tasks can be easily achieved. Analyse the challenges and implement changes that would encourage the members to adopt corrective measures. Provide better incentive plans to the staffs - The incentive plans has to be realistic and practical. This will encourage the members to adopt and introduce effective strategies through which the changes can be introduced. Analyse the preferences of the employees - Preferences of the liens in terms of the work hours, pay structure, equality, and involvement has to be analysed. Adopt transparent method - Transparent method includes communicating with the members the actual performance that would encourage the staffs to improve the performance (Dawson, 2005). Analyse the performance the performance of the staffs has to be analysed and feedback needs to be provided to the members. This will help in increasing the performance. References Abd Patah, M. O. R., Radzi., S. M., Abdullah, R., Adzmy, A., Adli.Zain, R., Derani, N. (2009). 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Boston: McGraw-Hill. Kristof-Brown, A. L., Stevens, C. K. (2001). Goal congruence in project teams: Does the fit between members personal mastery and performance goals matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1083-1095. Latham, G. P. (2003). Goal setting: A five-step approach to behavior change. Organizational Dynamics, 32(3), 309-318. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717. Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Mills, J.C., Mills, H., Bratton, J., Forshaw, C., 2006. Organizational behaviour in a Global Context. Canada: Broadview Press. Newstrom, J. W. (2011). Organizational behavior (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill. Ramlall, S. (2004). A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations. American Academy of Business, 5, 52-63. Schulze, S. Steyn, T. (2003). Educators motivation: Differences related to gender, age and experience. Acta Academica, 35 (3), 138-160. Sempane, M. E. (2002). Job satisfaction in relation to organizational culture. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28, 23-30. Shikdar, A. A., Das, B. (2003) A strategy for improving worker satisfaction and job attitudes in a repetitive industrial task: application of production standards and performance feedback. Ergonomics, 46 (5), 466 481 Sloan, A. (2002, June 24). The jury is in: greed isnt good, Newsweek, 37. Smit, P.J., Cronje, G.J., Brevis, T. Vrba, M.J., 2007. Management Principles: A Contemporary Edition for Africa. (4th ed.). Cape Town: Juta and Co. Ltd Susan, J. (2003). Motivation and reward. Problems of Post-Communism, 50, 44. Tang, T. L. P., Luna-Arocas, R., Sutarso, T, Tang, D. S. H. (2004). Does the love of money moderate and mediate the income-pay satisfaction relationship? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2, 111 135. Van Yperen, N. W., Janssen, O. (2002). Fatigued and dissatisfied or fatigued but satisfied? Goal orientations and responses to high job demands. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1161-1171 VandeWalle, D. (2001). Goal orientation: Why wanting to look successful doesnt always lead to success. Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 162-171. VandeWalle, D., Cron, W. L., Slocum, J. W. (2001). The role of goal orientation following performance feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 629-640 Wong, E. S.K., Teoh, N. H. (2009). Case study of factors influencing jobs satisfaction in two Malaysian universities. International Business Research, 2 (2), 86 98 Yahaya, A., Yahaya, N., Arshad, K., Ismail, J. (2009). Occupational stress and its effects towards the organization management. Journal of Social Science, 5 (4), 390 397.

Selling Idea Essays - Income Distribution, Economy, Flat Tax

Selling Idea Many people would like you to believe that flat tax is so named because it will flatten your finances. That at the least is the intended conclusion. By eliminating personal deductions like mortgagee interest payments, the study claims, the flat tax would reduce housing values in this country by upwards of 10 percent. The study's methodology is shaky at best, and the jury on housing values is still o ut. Despite the forces allied against the flat tax, tax reform has grown steadily because the current tax system is so unpopular and the alternatives promise so much. But in addition to the possibility of lower housing values, the flat tax poses several oth er serious problems too easily dismissed by its advocates. Businesses may be the flat tax's second biggest obstacle. By reducing the cost of compliance with the tax laws and removing uncertainties about the tax situation, the flat tax would eventually benefit businesses. However, they would see their tax burde n rise by about two-thirds, on average, from 31 percent of the total tax burden to around 50 percent. This tax increase on businesses would result from the loss of deductions for state and local taxes and for employee fringe benefits, among other things. Though businesses will try to pass on these costs to consumers and employees-by raising prices and trimming fringe benefits, for example-shifting the nations tax burden to the business community will not produce successful tax reform. Next, the flat tax initially would raise taxes on the middle class by 20 percent. On average, a family with between $40,000 and $50,000 in adjusted gross income would see there taxes rise about $700 to about $7.500. The flat tax also appears to have a major fairness problem. For example consider two families. The Jones have a combined salary of $50,000 in wages. Under the flat tax, a 20 percent rate would cost this family $3,700. Now consider the Smiths, who in r etirement consume every dollar of their $1 million in dividend income. Under the flat tax, the Smiths owe no tax at all because capital income is excluded from the tax base. To be sure, their dividend income was taxed at least once at the business level before they received it. But the perception would persist that a high income family would pay no tax. Will tax fairness be defined so that individuals consuming significant amounts of capital income would pay little or no tax? Though difficult issues, they are not impossible to resolve. Moreover, the system's advantage could well outweigh it's drawbacks. The flat tax could prove a boon for the economy by eliminating a passel of convoluted tax disincentives to saving and inve sting. Economists will quibble over exact estimates, but there can be no question that savings and investment will improve in both the short and long run under a flat tax. Advocates are correct to insist that the flat tax would be much simpler than the current tax system. The new system would tax only the income derived from individual labor, after allowing for personal exemptions. There would be no deductions. The fla t tax would tax businesses' net cash income at the same rate that applies to individual income, while eliminating all the apical tax provisions that penalize some businesses while benefiting others. One big problem with the current system is that it costs from $150 billion to $300 billion annually to operate. The flat tax, by contrast, would cost about 1/5th as much once fully phased in. These cost savings are equivalent to more than a $100 bil lion tax cut for the American people. No tax system is perfect, and no tax reform proposal is without flaws. In the end, the flat tax's greatest strength is that it would remove the current tax system's depressing effect on the economy. This over time, could make up for all the problems me ntioned above. But before it can pass the problems must be addressed.

Terrorist suspects held in Guantaacute;namo Bay

Terrorist suspects held in Guantaacute;namo Bay GuantÂÆ'Â ¡namo has many faces. For some it conjures the "Guantanamera" guajira (peasant woman), sung to the verses of the leader of the Cuban war of independence of 1895, the lawyer and poet Jose MartÂÆ'Â ­. To others it is the tropical sugar-mill town of some 200,000 inhabitants in the easternmost province of Cuba. To most Americans "Gtmo" only means the Bay and the naval base on it, the oldest outside of the United States, which was occupied by the US during the Spanish-American war of 1898 and subsequently leased by the US from Cuba pursuant to a 1903 lease agreement. One of Cuba's best ports, Gtmo occupies an area of 117.6 square kilometres (larger than Manhattan Island) for which the United States used to pay an annuity of $2,000 (increased to $4,085 in 1934). Cuba, however, does not cash the annuity checks and instead has repeatedly asked the United States since 1959 to dismantle the base and leave, since the lease had been imposed by force, and such arrangements are deeme d invalid under modern international law.English: The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendme...For Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, GuantÂÆ'Â ¡namo means the "legal black hole" for 660 internees from 42 nations, some of them Taliban fighters, suspected terrorists and other persons captured in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bosnia and other countries and flown to Cuba, thousands of miles away, for internment in Camp X (now Camp Delta) nearly two years ago. For the British senior Justice Lord Johan Steyn, Guantanamo entails "a monstrous failure of justice."Legal Status of the DetaineesAs to the legal status of the detainees, the International Committee of the Red Cross observes that essentially they "have been placed beyond the law." But is there such a thing as a "legal black hole"? I submit that there is not. As a corollary to Baruch Spinoza's...

Grammar Tips What Is a Sentence Fragment - Get Proofed!

Grammar Tips What Is a Sentence Fragment - Get Proofed! Grammar Tips: What Is a Sentence Fragment? Being proofreaders, we’re keen on keeping things grammatical. As such, we feel sad when we see a sentence that’s been left incomplete. It’s like the linguistic version of an abandoned puppy. But what is it that makes a sentence complete? And is an incomplete sentence always wrong? Our guide to sentence fragments can answer your questions and help you avoid errors in your work. The Sentence Fragment A sentence fragment is, quite simply, an incomplete sentence. At its most basic, a sentence needs a subject (i.e., something or someone to perform an action) and a verb (i.e., an action or state of being). Subject Verb Phrase The bird†¦ †¦flew away. If a sentence is missing a subject or a verb, it will be incomplete (i.e., a sentence fragment): Fragment (No Subject): Flew away. Fragment (No Verb): The bird. Neither of these is a complete sentence, so we don’t know what the author meant. In other cases, though, sentence fragments may have a subject and a verb while still being incomplete. For example: The bird pecked my. Here, we have the subject â€Å"bird† and verb â€Å"pecked,† but there is something missing after â€Å"my.† This is because â€Å"pecked† is a transitive verb, so it needs an object (i.e., something that is being acted on). The more complex a sentence gets, the easier it is to miss something like this. Are Sentence Fragments Always Wrong? No! Sentence fragments are common. In literature, for example, using a short sentence fragment can be a good way of changing the pace or tone of a piece of writing. Compare the following: No Fragment: The budgie was small, but loud. Fragment: The budgie was small. But loud. In the second, â€Å"But loud† is technically a sentence fragment. But by using a period instead of a comma, the author adds a dramatic pause before the fragment to emphasize how loud the budgie is. I am budgie. Hear me roar. More generally, we all use sentence fragments in our own lives. And you’ll find them used in advertising and pop culture all the time! As long as you can understand them, this isn’t a problem. How to Avoid â€Å"Bad† Fragments Sentence fragments become an issue when it is hard to tell what someone is saying. For example: The canary was singing because. Here, there’s obviously something missing from the sentence, since â€Å"because† is meant to introduce a reason. As such, this fragment would need completing before it makes sense. In other cases, we might understand what the author means by a sentence fragment, but unless there is a good reason for using one, it is still better to write in full sentences. For instance: The study examined several species. Including canaries, budgies and doves. Here, the clause that starts with â€Å"Including† is a fragment, though we can guess that it’s a list of birds included in the study. However, since there’s no reason to use a sentence fragment here, it would be better to remove the period and join the clauses with a comma: The study examined several species, including canaries, budgies and doves. The most important thing is that every sentence has a main clause including a subject and verb, but watch out for other sentences that seem unfinished or ambiguous throughout your work.

What are the health issues faced by young asylum seekers in the uk and Essay

What are the health issues faced by young asylum seekers in the uk and what has the government put in place to improve these issues - Essay Example Various research studied conducted in the past have shown asylum seekers and refugees being maltreated by members of host countries, which in turn, may lead to psychological problems. I have conducted a content analysis study-gathering qualitative, quantitative and mixed method studies on the topic, specifically those which involved children, teenagers and adolescents based 0-24 years old. There were 6 qualitative studies, 1 quantitative study, and 1 mixed methodology study were gathered for the review. Social services and mental health services may correctly address the problematic areas that bother UASC while in the UK, one of which is dealing accordingly to language problems by getting translators or having information translated in the children’s native language. Most articles also suggested that clinicians and other institutions dealing with UASC must be aware of risk factors, since they have implications to children’s mental health. Early detection of highly distr essed UASC is needed so that interventions could be made right away. Should the government ignore this; the entire community of the host country will also suffer as a result. Asylum seekers, including children, show elevated levels of distress and psychiatric disorder trait to difficult experiences in particular constant post traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) depression, and anxiety (Patel and Hodes 2006). As a result of the traumatic experiences that these children go through, increases vulnerabilities to psychological disorders ( Papadopoulous et al, 2004). This is because they experience major up heals and long periods of instability once they enter into a foreign country. They might have witnessed killing and torture, sometimes of whom are family members. They are separated from their families, and in addition to this, they might have been subject to brutality themselves. All these events affect their psychological health and well-being. There is a correlation

Compare and contrast Peattie and Ching's position vis-a-vis the Essay

Compare and contrast Peattie and Ching's position vis-a-vis the idea of Japanese colonialism as an "anomaly." - Essay Example Ching focus on the anomaly from the point of view of the struggle Japanese colonies endured in changing their identity to become Japanese, hence the book title â€Å"becoming Japanese.† The book reveals the much tension and challenges involved in the formation and shift of colonial identities (Ching 19). For instance, Japanese colony, Taiwan, expresses multiple forms of national and cultural identifications; Chinese nationalist, Japanese culture, as well as, its own heterogeneous political and cultural practices. Becoming Japanese is a bridge of history and literature that brings out the anomaly in Japanese colonialism. On the other hand, Peattie focus on Japanese colonialism anomaly in their book, The Japanese Colonial Empire, as the source and evolution of the modern empire. In this book, Japanese colonies such as Korea, Karafuto, and Taiwan are termed as an empire that is governed collectively (Peattie 51). It goes further to illustrate the policies and systems that governed it, as well as, the economic dynamics that encouraged it. According to Peattie, Japanese colonialism in context of modern empire that runs from 1895 to 1945 is by itself an anomaly in colonialism (23). In conclusion, it is clear that Japanese way of colonizing is different and exceedingly unique in comparison to western colonialism. Either from ching’s way of thinking or Peattie’s, Japanese colonialism is a global phenomenon, hence colonialism

Organic Food Market Ghana Essay Example for Free

Organic Food Market Ghana Essay Main international trade partners| South Africa, Netherlands, India, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Switzerland, United States, France, Nigeria, Burkina, China, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Germany and etc. | Macro-economic opportunities and risks The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business rankings placed Ghana at 63 place among 183 countries in 2012 (1 = best ranking), just behind Poland (62) and ahead of the Czech Republic (64). Ghana’s performance is defined as especially poor in â€Å"obtaining construction permits† and â€Å"resolving insolvency†. Nevertheless, Ghana is among the top five countries in sub- Saharan Africa. Economic risks in Ghana include a relatively high inflation rate of 10. 4% estimated in 2013. Consistently high unemployment over the years is another negative factor keeping the country in poverty. About 28. 5% of the total population is living below the poverty line. Other urgent challenges in Ghana are the inadequacies in education and health care that limit social development in the country. It also must address crime. Underdeveloped infrastructure, poor management of natural and human resources, and lack of a fully conducive and cordial business environment in the country also require public sector attention. According to the knowledge portal Global EDGE, Ghana’s strategic goals focus on future economic growth, improving quality of life by boosting employment and decreasing poverty, increased private investment and overall social and rural development. With such plans, international companies can expect incentives for initiating business in Ghana. Low corporate taxes, low equity requirements, custom duty exemptions forplants, machinery, equipment and parts, and relief from double taxation are some of the incentives and guarantees that the government presently offers to encourage future foreign investment. Coca-Cola Co. and Heinz have already been operating successfully in Ghana while companies like Caterpillar, Unilever, IBM, ATT, to name a few, are undertaking new investments. Companies are encouraged to establish themselves and operate in the country’s many potentially lucrative markets including hydro-power projects, pharmaceuticals and information technology. Subsequently, as African countries consider fully implementing the African Economic Community (AEC) established in 1991, Ghanas trading access to other African nations could increase significantly in the coming years. Ghana is a member of the World Trade Organization and has quota-free access to United States and European Union markets. The country has export free zones where goods can be traded without customs duties. The government is putting forth efforts to improve infrastructure to ensure hassle-free movement of goods and produce. While Ghana faces difficulties, all these factors make Ghana a promising market for foreign businesses. Organic food market data General Market size | n. a. | Market growth rate | n. a. | Domestic production | n. a. Exports (US$, 2006)| $75. 64 million| Imports | n. a. | Shares/sizes of market segments| Fresh fruits, vegetables, palm oil, cocoa, bananas, cashews, culinary herbs, cereals, cotton, shea butter and etc. | Number of producers, names of big producers, important brands| Benrod Group (producer and exporter), Ibrahim Jalilu Adventure (producer of spices), Botim Farms (group of cashew farmers), Joansspiceworld (producer of spices), Mercydan (black soap, red palm oil, coconut oil), Eagle Gold Company (gold, diamond), Best Organic Fodd Venture (organic food) and etc. Smallholder farms dominate the agricultural sector, accounting for about 80 percent of total production. (organic agriculture in general is well suited to small-scale farmers because usually small-scale farmers do not have much cash to purchase external inputs, chemical inputs, pesticides, or chemical fertilizers)| Typical distribution channels| The Ghana Organic Agriculture Network, Afrikeco Organic Products Ltd, Andea-African Network for Development of Ecological Agriculture, Armajaro Ghana Limited, Black Volta Organic Society, Ebenut, Ecasard-Ecumenical Ass. For Sustainable Agr. And Rur. , Eloc Farms Limited, Ghana Bio Network, Ghana Export Promotion Council, Ideal Providence Farms Accra, Integrated Tamale Fruit Company, Natures Best Fruit Ltd. , Quin Organics, Tracs Farms Ltd. , TOFA (Traditional Organic Farmers Association), Wad African Foods Ltd, Yayra Glover Limited| Characteristics of the organic food market Supply: Mainly from the domestic market Production: Fresh fruits (mainly pineapple, bananas, watermelon), vegetables, palm oil, cocoa, cashews, culinary herbs, cereals, cotton, shea butter and etc. Distribution: Just over 28% of the organic producers in Ghana export their production and the remaining 72% do not export their production, but possibly sell it domestically. With regards to exports, virtually all organic products (85%) are exported to Europe. The data is taken from a survey16 made in 2009 among 688 producers, marketers and consumers. Consumption: Worldwide sales of organic chocolate produced in Ghana increased to $304 million in 2005 from $171 million in 2002. However, the total market share of organic cocoa accounted for less than 0. 5% of total cocoa production in the same period, possibly because conventional cocoa yields more and is more profitable than organic cocoa. When a conventional producer converts to organic production, there is an immediate yield loss. Organic cocoa production has an estimated 30% lower yield than inorganic production. Additionally, a producer must wait three years for the organic certification that will allow him or her to be compensated with an organic price premium. Therefore a sufficient and stable organic price premium is needed. The current premium price of organic cocoa is far below the estimated premium needed to entice producers to switch to organic production. Information on yield loss and price premium trade-off is very important to cocoa producers to determine whether organic production is sufficiently profitable to be adopted. For manufacturers, the information indicates the price premium necessary to secure a reliable supply of organic cocoa. Opportunities and risks in the organic food market for DEG’s clients There are not many opportunities for import of organic food, because the organic market in Ghana is still relatively undeveloped. However, there are opportunities for export of organic agriculture, because about 19,132 hectares of land are under organic cultivation, which accounts for 0. 13 % of the total agricultural area in Ghana (IFOAM FiBL 2006). The risks are definitely big. Additional information Ghana has had little exposure to the global economic recession and will continue on its growth path. It is experiencing significant growth in 2011 and 2012 due to the start of oil production. Macroeconomic stability and ongoing reforms have contributed to economic expansion, which is helping the country to raise incomes and reduce poverty. There has been limited exposure to the global financial crisis, as banks rely on domestic funding. Case examples n. a. [ 1 ]. http://www. ghanaembassy. org/index. php? page=population [ 2 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/gdp [ 3 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/gdp-growth [ 4 ]. http://www. indexmundi. com/ghana/gdp_per_capita_%28ppp%29. html [ 5 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/inflation-cpi [ 6 ]. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/unemployment-rate [ 7 ]. http://www. indexmundi.com/ghana/gdp_composition_by_sector. html [ 8 ]. http://ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/95955/2/54. %20Market%20potential%20for%20organic%20fruit%20in%20Ghana. pdf [ 9 ]. http://countries. bridgat. com/Ghana_Trade_Partners. html#. UXRcpMo-mE0 [ 10 ]. http://www. globalatlanta. com/article/25667/ghana-overview-of-economic-risks-rewards/ [ 11 ]. http://ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/95955/2/54. %20Market%20potential%20for%20organic%20fruit%20in%20Ghana. pdf [ 12 ]. http://www. intracen. org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile-Ghana/ [ 13 ]. http://gh. tradeford. com/suppliers/organic-spices [ 14 ]. http://www. organic-bio. com/en/advanced-search2/? prgrp1=0prgrp2=0prgrp3=0prgrp4=name=certification=0city=prodgrp1=0country=63prodgrp2=0 ®ion=0prodgrp3=0phone=contact=service=0fair=0 [ 15 ]. http://www. intracen. org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile- Ghana/ [ 16 ]. http://www. ifoam. org/about_ifoam/around_world/aosc_pages/pdf/Status-of-Organic-Agriculture-in-Ghana-Baseline-Survey-2009. pdf [ 17 ]. http://www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Ghana. pdf.

Patents are Essential to the Modern World Essays -- Intellectual Prope

Patents are Essential to the Modern World A patent is the public disclosure of the invention and the best way of practicing the invention, in exchange for the rights to that information for a set period of time - twenty years. A patent permits its owner to exclude members of the public from making, using, or selling the claimed invention. This type of arrangement is a necessity for any type of scientific work. It allows other people to share in the ideas that have been thought and utilized by a company and/or individuals so that research is not unnecessarily performed twice. This is beneficial to the owner of the intellectual property (IP) so that financial reward can be obtained, and knowledge can be freely publicized for others thereby not inhibiting the progression of technology and science. This is a necessary step in the flow of scientific information so that the entire system remains efficient. The patent is a great way for protecting an inventor’s idea however there are some conditions attached to the granting of a patent. These are in relation to the use and history of the invention. The criteria that need to be met are that the invention is ‘Novel’, ‘non-obvious’ and commercial utility. The invention also has to work (be reproducible) and can not have been published publicly at any event prior to the filing of a patent. These factors need to be assessed before an application for a patent is filed. The patent is the most powerful method available to the owner of IP because it offers the most comprehensive cover, along with the most options in the ways that the idea can make money for the persons involved. Other means of protection are quite feeble in comparison to the patent, for example ... ... company. Or they are supplied with an annual crop which can only be used once, as it produces sterile seeds, and therefore they would have to purchase the same invention many times over simply due to a lack of money. This ensures rewards are passed on to the inventors of the invention. This is good in a commercial sense and enables quick progression of commercial products. It is also good in a way of freedom of research information. However the end user might not always be as well off as they could be. Overall the use of patents is an essential step in the commercialization of any product in the modern scientific environment. It is a method of trying to reduce the doubling up of research and ensuring the correct people are paid for the inventions. It is essential that some basic rules are followed and every idea is scrutinized by an application process.

Case Study Situation Go Fast Essay

Situation Go Fast is a motorcycle manufacturer in the southern United States. Though sales have been steady, profits have declined because of increasing operational costs. The Board of Directors felt a fresh look at the operations side was needed. They developed a 5-year plan to increase operating efficiency and set out to find someone to lead the effort. Four months ago, GO FAST found what they saw as â€Å"the person† to be the new operations director and develop a new operational plan to reduce costs. Jill Jones had an outstanding reputation as operations director for a manufacturer of a closely related product. While she was located in a different state and was happy with her current job and lifestyle, she found the 5-year plan exciting. Besides, the offer was too tempting to refuse. Jill was offered the position, including a substantial increase in salary and benefits. She accepted the job, sold her home, and purchased a home near her new job. Her husband runs an in-home business and her children had adapted well to the new community and schools. She did not have a written contract, but was promised a great future with GO FAST and was given a salary of $90,000 per year. With the economic downturn, sales for this past year were the lowest in five years. The company needs to make drastic cost reductions or it could face bankruptcy. All senior managers agreed to a 25% pay cut. Several other high-paid positions will be eliminated. Among them is Jill Jones’ operations director position. Published by DECA Related Materials. Copyright  © by DECA Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced for resale without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. YOUR CHALLENGE The CFO has been asked by the board of directors to investigate GO FAST’S obligation to Jill Jones. You have been assigned the task of doing research. The board of directors assumes their agreement with Mrs. Jones is â€Å"terminable-at-will† based on the law in the state, and therefore GO FAST has no obligation to her. You will prepare recommendations to be presented to the chief financial officer (CFO). Since the decision is ultimately up to the CFO, your presentation should include, at a minimum: 1. How you expect Jill would react to the board’s hard-line approach. 2. Possible ways to deal with Mrs. Jones’ situation, including the positives and negatives of each. 3. Of these, you are to advise the CFO on the best course of action, and how to present it to Jill. While the financial challenges of the company are not a secret, Jill does not yet know that her position has been targeted for elimination. Your presentation to the CFO will begin in one hour. As part of your research you have pulled a copy of The Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, as well as cases related to this issue (see reference information provided). The information in THIS section is the result of research done specifically for this case situation, and has been given to you to help you prepare your recommendations within the allotted time. The judges will also receive this information, in addition to the Case Study Situation and Your Challenge as presented. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The following information provides background related to this situation. State Employment Law Under state law, employment generally is considered to be at will, terminable by either party at any time. This means that an employer may terminate an employee with or without just cause, in the absence of an agreement limiting the employee’s discharge to just cause or specifying the term of the employment. Even where an employer makes assurances seeming to mean job permanence, such assurances are generally considered mere statements of policy indicating only at-will employment. However, state courts have also held that employee personnel manual provisions, if they meet the requirements for formation of a unilateral contract, may become enforceable as part of a contract of employment. An agreement which includes a promise from one party but not from the other is called a unilateral contract. A unilateral contract is, for example, where an employer promises to pay a certain wage if an employee does a certain task for a certain period of time. The employee’s performance of that task for that time makes him or her entitled to the promised wages. The promise of employment on particular terms of unspecified duration, if presented in the form of an offer and accepted by the employee, will create a binding unilateral contract. These types of actions are referred to as â€Å"promissory estoppel† actions and they provide an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. In order to constitute a contract, the employer’s personnel policy as set out in the personnel policy handbook must be more than a general statement of policy and must provide reasonably definite terms for a fact finder to interpret and apply in determining whether there has been a breach of the contract arising from that handbook. General statements of policy by an employer do not meet the contractual requirements of an offer. Employees frequently couple claims that certain oral representations constitute an enforceable agreement with assertions that certain actions by the employer create an implied contract to terminate only for good cause. For example, employees often contend that an employer has established a custom and practice such that employees are permitted to continue employment until retirement unless discharged for good and sufficient cause. Such an allegation does not meet the requirement of a definite offer. Similarly, an employer’s commendations and approval of the employee’s performance do not alter the employee’s at-will status. Severance pay is not required by legislation. Where it is provided by an employer or labor agreement, it must not be administrated in a discriminatory manner. Where it is provided, severance pay is considered wages in this state. The method of payment of severance pay may delay the employee’s eligibility for unemployment compensation benefits. Promissory Estoppel The state Supreme Court recognized that, despite the absence of a contract in fact, courts may imply the existence of a contract in law by utilizing the principle of promissory estoppel. The doctrine of promissory estoppel is applicable when: 1. A promise has been made; 2. The promissory reasonably expected to induce action of a definite and substantial character by the promise; 3. The promise in fact induces such action; 4. The circumstances require the enforcement of the promise in order to avoid injustice. An estoppel may arise from a promise of future performance. The doctrine of promissory estoppel is based in a promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action of forbearance of a definite and substantial character on the part of the promise and which induces such action or forbearance and is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. Under the theory of promissory estoppel, liability on a contract may ensue even if the detriment incurred by one party is not bargained for where it can be shown that the promisor should reasonably have expected its promise to induce another’s detrimental action. The impairment-of-contract clause in the state’s constitution applies to an implied-in-law obligation created by promissory estoppel. The effect of promissory estoppel is to imply a contract in law where none exists in fact. When a promise is enforced pursuant to the doctrine of promissory estoppel, the remedy granted for the breach may be limited as justice requires; relief may be limited to damages measured by the promise’s reliance. RELATED CASE PRECEDENTS INFORMATION The following information is designed to provide samples of cases that may influence decisions made related to the case situation. The participants must decide what, if any, relevance these Related Case Precedents have on this Case Study Situation. Grouse v. Plan, Inc. (1981) The doctrine of promissory estoppel was applied by the court to grant damages to a pharmacist who accepted a job offer, resigned his current job and declined another job offer in reliance on this offer, but was â€Å"terminated† from his new job before he even had a chance to start it. Plan Inc knew that to accept its offer Grouse would have to resign his employment. Grouse promptly gave notice and informed Plan Inc that he had done so when specifically asked by them. Under these circumstances it would be unjust not to hold Plan Inc to its promise. Gorham v. Optical (1995) Former employee was entitled to reliance damages based on theory of promissory estoppel, where he quit his previous job and declined any renegotiations with previous employer in reliance on promise of new job, and on his first day of employment went through hostile reinterview process that led to his immediate termination. Lewis v. Assurance Society (1986) A promise of employment on particular terms of unspecified duration, if presented in form of an offer and accepted by employee, will create a binding unilateral contract. Pine River v. Mettille (1983) Generally speaking, promise of employment on particular terms of unspecified duration, if in form of an offer, and if accepted by employee, may create binding unilateral contract; offer must be definite in form and must be communicated to the offeree. Goodkind v. University (1988) Whether a proposal by employer is meant to be an offer for a unilateral contract is determined by the outward manifestations of the parties, not by their subjective intentions, and employer’s general statements of policy do not meet the contractual requirements for an offer. Gunderson v. Professionals, Inc. (2001) To overcome the presumption that employment is at will, an employee typically must establish clear and unequivocal language by the employer evidencing an intent to provide job security. General statements about job security, company policy, or an employer’s desire to retain an employee indefinitely are insufficient to overcome the presumption that employment is at will. Spanier v. Bank (1993) Terminated employee failed to show any evidence of offer for long-term employment in definite form so as to be entitled to recover for employer’s breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing as result of his termination, where employee’s claims were based on subjective belief and his own inferences that employer’s commitment to commercial lending business would provide him job security and employer’s statements about developing this new area of business did not constitute long-term employment offer.

Company Represantative Resume Example Essay

This letter is to express my interest in bringing my expertise as an Educator and Counselor to your institution.   I possess strong communication skills and have a passion promoting a positive school environment. As you can gather from my attached resume, I have contributed to the personal and academic growth of Elementary students while working for the New York Department of Education.   I earned my Masters Degree in English as a Second Language and am currently pursuing my Masters Degree in School Counseling.   I believe in maintaining a professional demeanor and resolving conflicts in a diplomatic and courteous manner.   I am committed to helping students with disciplinary problems through utilizing effective classroom management techniques in cooperation with parents and school administrators. In addition to the skills noted on my attached resume, I can also offer your organization: An ability to analyze a complex problem and implement a practical solution. Superior presentation and interpersonal communication skills with effective writing skills. Self-motivated professional with experience in helping students attain their academic goals. Excellent analytical skills with an ability to develop comprehensive reports. It is my hope that my education and professional experience will convey to you that I have the qualifications to make a valuable contribution as a School Counselor at any institution.   Should you have any questions, I can be reached at the number listed above.

An Examination of Social Control essays

An Examination of Social Control essays It is hard to discuss a subject and analyze that subject when it is an accepted fact that no definition can be agreed upon. The definition of social control or lack of definition is one of those subjects. Many papers have been written, many theories have been proposed and according to Robert Meier in his paper, Perspectives on the Concept of Social Control, no hard definition or theory has ever been agreed upon. The only thing to be done is to read the papers, listen to the theories, use personal experiences, and try to establish a personal idea of the concept of social control. Some definitions have been established. There are four levels of social control: Macro politics level, historical and cultural level, organizational level, and micro politics level. The Macro level is the political, legal and economic aspect of social control. The Macro level has to do with the legislative arm of society, which passes the laws by which we as a society must live. It is an impersonal level of social control. The politicians pass the laws and all of society must live by those laws or be held responsible by the enforcement officials, at which point, the legal system comes into the picture and attorneys get involved. It takes money to hire a lawyer and those without the financial means are left behind. Theres never any really interaction with the average Joe or regular people in the Macro Political level. Everything is pretty much left up to the powers that be at the top of the political ladder and the law enforcement officers and the lawyers. At the Macro level public harassment and the psy-complex are affected due to laws passed over the years and the governmental body getting involved. Women are no longer at the mercy of patriarchal culture. But it should also be noted that the laws passed to protect against such social transgressions are not gender specific. Control is beginning to have blurred lines. Men, as...

Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain as a result of a regenerative disorder. This then causes loss in memory, thinking and alteration in behavior patterns and is regarded as the largest cause of dementia cases. The patients who are suffering from this disease require the provision of services from resource rich health facilities (Pohanka, 2014). The most affected population is the elderly people although a small proportion of young people are also affected by Alzheimer’s disease. This paper therefore explores alzehaimers disease amyeloid hypothesis in respect to the progress towards the development of treatment options. The amyloid hypothesis argues that when the amyloid beta peptides occur in the brain tissues, they lead to the development of the Alzheimer’s disease. This peptide cause autosomal forms of mutations in three regions namely: presenelin 1, 2 and the amyeloid precursor proteins. The association between this disease and amyloid beta peptide was upon the examination of brain where plaques were found (Selkoe and Hardy, 2016). Therefore, the amyloid cascade provides an explanation to the process via which the Alzheimer’s disease occurs. These include the genetic causes via mutations, phenotypes and pathology as well as the risks involved. There have been therapeutic drugs produced to target this peptide so as to lower its levels of production. This is expected to cause a clearance in the amounts and levels of amyloid beta protein which in turn should reduce the aggregation of peptides to form plaques. However, it is not clear on the amount of the amyloid peptide which is found in the brain. Something that needs to be noted is that the amyloid beta peptides are the primary components of the neurotic plaques in the brain tissues of the patients who have Alzheimer’s disease. This is due to the fact that different parts of the brain can carry different amounts of the amyloid peptide and the Alzheimer’s disease is normally heterogeneous (Drachman, 2014). Another close association between this peptide and this disease is from the cloning of the gene which encodes beta amyloid precursor protein as well as its location in the chromosome number 21. Moreover, it has been found that Down’s syndrome leads to the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease. With time, the genetic mutations in the amyloids precursor protein have be found to be a key factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Since the amyloid beta peptide has been found to be usual product of the metabolism in beta amyloid precursor protein in a person’s life, it can be meas ured by use of a culture medium, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. This measures whether there are any abnormalities which result from the beta amyeloid precursor proteins (Morris et al., 2014). However, recently there have been objections raised against the amyloid hypothesis. One of the objections is that the number of amyloid deposits in the brain tissues does not correlate with the level of cognitive impairments that develops in a patient. In another way, the amyloid hypothesis brings objections since the neurotoxic effects of the amyloid peptide and the effects to the brain have not been studied in vivo. It is also evident that the soluble oligomers of amyloid peptide are responsible for the dysfunction in the brain as opposed the amyloid monomers in Alzheimer’s disease patients. These and many other objections support a reasoning that the neurodegeneration of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease is caused by the injury from some diffused oligomeric assemblage of misfolded proteins (Demetrius et al., 2015). As a result of this, the large polymeric aggregates make the inactive reservoirs which are equal to the neurotoxic assembly. On the other hand, the plaques in the brain do not necessarily indicate protection to the host. This is because the observation of these plaques in neurodegenerative diseases means that the reservoir of toxic proteins has occurred in the brain. Experiments involving transgenic mice in which the amyloid beta proteins were deposited in the brain did not indicate any loss in the cognitive abilities. This unexpected behavior by the transgenic mice could be due to differences in the species used, lack of human inflammation mediators and the short period of exposure of mice to the amyloid beta peptide. Since the Alzheimer’s disease is as a result of lack of balance between the deposition and the clearance of amyloid beta peptides, then there is a need to get treatment strategies for this disorder. One of the approaches would be the inhibition of either the beta or the gamma secretase enzymes which are crucial for the formation of beta amyloids and amyloid precursor proteins (Doody et al., 2014). For the beta secretase, there are some screening which is being done for a chemical compound to find out whether it can be able to bind on the active site of aspartyl protease and hence cross the blood brain barrier. For the gamma secretase, there are chemical compounds which have already been found but no clinical trials have been done on humans yet. However, it would be advisable to adopt more different treatment approached for the amyloid beta associated Alzheimer’s disease since the previously proposed strategies have some limitations (Karakaya et al., 2013). For instance a different approach that can be used would involve the use of immunization strategies. The most recommended immunization methods would involve the use of amyloid beta proteins in the cerebral so that they can lower the amounts of peptide clearance from the brain (Aisen and Vellas, 2013). A kind of different approach would involve the use of anti-inflammatory methods and drugs to aid in the clearance of the amyloid beta proteins in brain tissues. The use of the anti-inflammatory methods is recommendable because it has been found that as the amyloid proteins accumulate in brain tissues, the rate of inflammatory process increases. For a long period of time, the hypothesis concerning the association of amyloid beta proteins and the Alzheimer’s disease has been investigated. This calls for the development of therapeutic strategies based on the anti-amyloid beta peptides. In order to get treatment options for this disease. The treatment therapeutics needs to be closely based on the various characteristics that are observed in the amyloid peptides with respect to Alzheimer’s disease. By the adoption of various methods of treatment involving amyloid precursor protein gene cloning, the scientific world will find out whether there is an association between the amyloid beta protein hypothesis and the Alzheimer’s disease. Aisen, P.S. and Vellas, B., 2013. Passive immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: what have we learned, and where are we headed?. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 17(1), p.49. Demetrius, L.A., Magistretti, P.J. and Pellerin, L., 2015. Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid hypothesis and the Inverse Warburg effect. Frontiers in physiology, 5, p.522. Doody, R.S., Thomas, R.G., Farlow, M., Iwatsubo, T., Vellas, B., Joffe, S., Kieburtz, K., Raman, R., Sun, X., Aisen, P.S. and Siemers, E., 2014. Phase 3 trials of solanezumab for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(4), pp.311-321. Drachman, D.A., 2014. The amyloid hypothesis, time to move on: Amyloid is the downstream result, not cause, of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 10(3), pp.372-380. Karakaya, T., Fußer, F., Schroder, J. and Pantel, J., 2013. Pharmacological treatment of mild cognitive impairment as a prodromal syndrome of Alzheimer's disease. Current neuropharmacology, 11(1), pp.102-108. Morris, G.P., Clark, I.A. and Vissel, B., 2014. Inconsistencies and controversies surrounding the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Acta neuropathologica communications, 2(1), p.135. Pohanka, M., 2014. Alzheimer s disease and oxidative stress: a review. Current medicinal chemistry, 21(3), pp.356-364. Selkoe, D.J. and Hardy, J., 2016. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years. EMBO molecular medicine, 8(6), pp.595-608.Trt

A timeline of the September 11 attacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A timeline of the September 11 attacks - Essay Example This essay provides a short information about the catastrophe and further events till September 30. Three hijacked planes hit the World Trade Centre in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington DC. A fourth plane crashes into a field in Pennsylvania.The FAA stops all flight operations in the capital and around the nation for the very first time in the history of America (House of Commons Librarary, 2001, pp 1-72) The president: George Bush addresses the nation and vows to find the people responsible for the attack in order for justice to be served. Trading at the world trade centre is stopped as the police are sent to conduct rescue services in the areas affected the attacks. International leaders shoe their outrage over the attacks as they move in swiftly to help in the rescue operations (Watchtel, 2009, pp 1-48). September 12, 2001: the New York mayor at the moment Giuliani notifies that the death toll at the world trade centre will be in thousands (Anderson, 2003, pp 1-30). The fire fighters from various departments and the military continue combating the fire in the two cities of New York and Washington. The president terms the attacks as acts of war and requests the congress to help rebuild America by devoting $20 billion (House of Commons Librarary, 2001, pp 1-72). September 13, 2001: president bush vows to lead the world to victory over terrorism terming the attacks as the first war of the 21st century (Englar, 2007, pp 1-25). The then secretary of state Colin Powel after consultations with the department of defence identifies Osama bin Laden as the prime suspect with the then deputy Defence secretary saying that the US will respond with a sustained military campaign. The FAA allows the airports to begin operations but under tight surveillance (Langley, 2006, pp 3-50). September 14, 2001: President Bush declares a national emergency and instructs the military to call fifty thousand soldiers to active duty (House of Commons Librarary, 2001, 1-72). The department of defence releases a list of the nineteen suspected hijackers. At the same time Afghanistan’s Taliban militia group warn America of revenging if the US attacked it for hosting the Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden (Watchtel, 2009, pp 1-48). September 15, 2001: the president declares waging an unrelenting war to hunt down terrorist and the state department cautions that any government that supports terrorism will be isolated (House of Commons Librarary, 2001, pp 1-72). Pakistan on the other hand agrees to help Americans to attack the neighbouring Afghanistan. September 16, 2001: Osama bin Laden denies involvement in the attack as President Bush pledges to rid the world all evil doers brushing off Osama’s claims (House of Commons Librarary, 2001, pp 1-72). The vice president Dick Cheney warns anyone who harbours terrorists will be dealt with mercilessly by the US. United States send a delegation to Afghanistan to release Osama or risk massive attacks (Schier, 2 008, pp 6-100). September 17, 2001: Taliban leaders say that a grand council of Muslim clerics will decide on whether to hand in Osama or not. The Federal Reserve of America cuts its key interests in a bid to keep the economy from plunging into a recession. The FBI releases a list of names that they want detained both in the US and abroad. Trading begins at the New York stock exchange. September 18, 2001: the Taliban Muslim leaders call on all Muslims to wage a Holy war in the event that America attacks them. The defence secretary says the administration is preparing attacks on terrorists and those countries that support terrorist activities (Heider, 2008, pp 1-41). President Bush leads the US people in a moment of silent to remember the people who perished in the attacks (Langley, 2006, pp 3-50). September 19, 2001: the Pentagon gives an order that combat aircrafts should base in the Persian Gulf. President Bush continues with his push to get world leaders to support him in the fig ht against terrorism and meets with different